Days before his Edgewood duty ended, in February 1968, Josephs was hospitalized for days with Parkinsons-like tremors, symptoms he said have followed him on and off throughout his adult life. According to the 1984 NRC review, human experiments at DoD's Edgewood Arsenal involved about 1,500 subjects who were experimentally exposed to irritant and blister agents including: For example, from 1958 to 1973 at least 1,366 human subjects underwent experimental exposure specifically with the riot-control agent CS at Edgewood Arsenal (NRC 1984). The Army then sent Josephs to Air Force bases in Thailand, in support of the war effort in Vietnam. The "Independent Study Course" cites mainly a three-volume study by the Institute of Medicine (19821985) for its data and conclusions, Possible Long-Term Health Effects of Short-Term Exposure to Chemical Agents. . It was like a plum assignment, Josephs said. From 1955 to 1975, military researchers at Edgewood were using not only animals but human subjects to test a witches brew of drugs and chemicals. A nurse or doctor asked him questions after he was put in a chamber and exposed to an irritant, likely tear gas. I was pregnant with my daughter while there, this was also when they were digging up old cluster bombs while excavating to build some new buildings, the same time the commander was indicted from the environmental agency, the same time they found out the water was not suitable for consumption. Health Care "I'm sorry," Flohr says. A Government Accounting Office report of May 2004, Chemical and Biological Defense: DOD Needs to Continue to Collect and Provide Information on Tests and Potentially Exposed Personnel (pp. Subscribe to the Military.com newsletter to have military news, updates and resources delivered straight to your inbox. "Until we actually got into the process of being in that room and realized, wait a minute, we can't get out of here.". Things were different back then. Nashville veteran discusses his experience at Edgewood Arsenal. [7][8][9] A concrete result of these experiments was that BZ was weaponized, although never deployed. 1, "Anticholinesterases and Anticholinergics" (1982). While in the Navy, Cavell (center, No. If you are concerned about exposures during Edgewood/Aberdeen chemical tests, talk to your health care provider or local VA Environmental Health Coordinator. I really felt a duty to my country to go and serve, he said. The ruling came on a class-action lawsuit filed by Vietnam Veterans of America, Swords to Plowshares and individual veterans over medical care for troops who participated in research programs at. Parker Waichman LLP is investigating secret medical experiments that were conducted on U.S. soldiers from 1955 to 1975 at the U.S. Armys Edgewood Arsenal in Maryland. The MRVP was also driven by intelligence requirements and the need for new and more effective interrogation techniques. The tests evaluated protective equipment like gas masks and suits. And this goes to the essence of 'Can you trust your government?' Congress has intervened in similar situations. 2009), the plaintiffs did not seek monetary damages. Edgewood Arsenal Medical Experiments Compensation. Josephs says he now takes two dozen pills daily. As a result of the testing, many of the veterans who served between two and four months at the Edgewood Arsenal in Maryland, suffer from chronic, debilitating illnesses. This incapacitating agent would be dispersed by standard munitions, and the agent would enter the building through all nonprotected openings, the films narrator boasts. In the end, the focus is on the veterans who endured these experiments and the struggles many have faced since. A Defense Department Form 214 or War Department discharge/separation form or the functional equivalent. Other exposures included tear gas, and hallucinogenics like LSD. According to at least one class action lawsuit filed on behalf of Edgewood Arsenal veterans, other substances tested on soldiers there included mescaline, amphetamines, mustard gas, CS (riot control agent), a THC analog called red oil, anthrax, botulism, plague, tularemia, Q fever, and crop destruction agents such as dioxin, used in Agent Orange. Brad Flohr, a VA senior adviser for benefits, says the agency couldn't find the rest, because military records of the experiments were incomplete. 1. In a statement, the Defense Department said that it has made it a priority to identify all service members exposed to chemical and biological substances and the VA has contacted and offered free medical evaluations to thousands of veterans.. After a stint at a defense company in Tennessee, Carl Gepp got a job in 1965 as an engineer working on the Honest John missile back at the Edgewood Arsenal. There, Ketchum was administering psychotropic drugs on young. Your effort and contribution in providing this feedback is much "And that's what I have problems with today. II. Kathleen Curthoys is editor of Army Times. In 1988, Cavell requested copies of his records from the experiments he was in at the Naval Research Laboratory. ), Nerve agent reactivators, e.g. We conduct ongoing accessibility reviews and remediate any functionality issues. It just did not look like a military base, more like a hospital, recalled Josephs, a Pittsburgh native. The purpose was to evaluate the impact of low-dose chemical warfare agents on military personnel and to test protective clothing and pharmaceuticals. All Rights Reserved. One film showed soldiers being injected with BZ, which in high doses can lead to hallucinations and confusion. The use of troops to test nerve gas, psychochemicals, and thousands of other toxic chemical or biological substances. He showed a black and white photo of a large group of soldiers in front of a sign "Medical Volunteers.". These experiments with mustard gas were conducted by the Army and Navy at more than a dozen locations. Schnurman and his. Charlie Cavell at his home in Virginia. The National Academy of Sciences, which oversees the IOM, sent a questionnaire to all of the former volunteers that could be located, approximately 60% of the total. A refusal to satisfy their legal and moral obligations to locate the victims of experiments or to provide health care or compensation to them. Blisters that eventually increased to the size of half dollar coins started to grow in the same places. You can't hardly walk, and your mind is going so many different directions," Paul said. The lawsuit detailed how the military secretly tested drugs and chemicals on thousands of soldiers including dangerous nerve gases like Sarin and incapacitating agents like LSD and BZ, that Paul called Benzene. In all, roughly 60,000 World War II veterans were used as test subjects, and they kept the experiments secret for half a century. The court granted the defendants' motion for summary judgment with respect to the other claims. The documentary was produced by Zero Point Zero Production, the production company behind Anthony Bourdain's "Parts Unknown," so there's more visual flash and on-camera time for reporters than PBS viewers might expect. Attention A T users. Original photo: Courtesy of Charlie Cavell The chemical caused a delirium that included hallucinations and an inability to carry out tasks. hide caption. He filed claims for several illnesses on the VA's list of those linked to mustard gas, including skin cancer and chronic breathing problems. Around 7,000 US military personnel and 1,000 civilians were test subjects over almost three decades. After an hour, the officer released six of the men back to their barracks. The first story in this report focused on race-based experiments done as part of the military's chemical warfare program: Cavell, now 88 years old, says the officer threatened him and the other test subjects: If they told anyone about their knowledge or participation in the experiments, they would receive a dishonorable discharge and be sent to military prison at Fort Leavenworth, Kan. "They put the fear of God in just a bunch of young kids," he says. The lack of a detailed record hampered the investigation. 2. Tests began for Josephs almost as soon as he arrived at Edgewood for a two-month assignment on January 1, 1968. We will strive to make that page accessible. 7 Jun 2022 Military.com | By James Barber From 1955 to 1975, the Army conducted chemical weapons testing on volunteer soldiers at the Edgewood Arsenal facility in Maryland in pursuit of an. The chemicals were given to volunteer service members at Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland; Dugway Proving Ground, Utah; and Forts Benning, Bragg, and McClellan. Her name is Joy. Please switch auto forms mode to off. Harry Bollinger, 88, of Freeport, Pa., pauses as he talks about his recovery from mustard gas exposure as part of an experiment at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C. "I was disgusted already. None of the requested materials were cleared for public release as of this writing (2016).[19]. Schnurman, who died in 2013 when he was 87, had suffered debilitating injuries after being tested at the U.S. I am convinced that it is possible, by means of the techniques of psychochemical warfare, to conquer an enemy without the wholesale killing of his people or the mass destruction of his property.[2]. This is Part 2 of a two-part investigation on mustard gas testing conducted by the U.S. military during World War II. In the Army's tests, as with those of the CIA, individual rights were subordinated to national security considerations; informed consent and follow-up examinations of subjects were neglected in efforts to maintain the secrecy of the tests. More than 20 years later, the VA has attempted to contact fewer than a quarter of the thousands it said it would. The Edgewood Arsenal Rod and Gun Club was a club that included U.S. Army officers and Department of the Army civilian personnel stationed at the Arsenal as well as their families and guests. [13] Some additional information in the section cited from the Course was based on a 1993 IOM study, Veterans at Risk: Health Effects of Mustard Gas and Lewisite. And in 2010, the VA announced it would review 90,000 previously denied Agent Orange claims. Please click here for a free evaluation of your claim, Civil/Human Rights Settlements and Legal News, Personal Injury Settlements and Legal News. 3. In 2009 a lawsuit was filed by veterans rights organizations Vietnam Veterans of America, and Swords to Plowshares, and eight Edgewood veterans or their families against CIA, the U.S. Army, and other agencies. "There was no handle on the door. Other times it was a pill, Josephs told CNN Chief Medical Correspondent Dr. Sanjay Gupta. CNN Sans & 2016 Cable News Network. At the Armys request, The Institute of Medicine, an independent nonprofit organization that is the health arm of the National Academy of Sciences, produced a three-volume report in the 1980s on the long-term health of Edgewood veterans. Three test subjects enter a gas chamber, which will fill with mustard gas, as part of the military's secret chemical warfare testing in March 1945. A lot of chemicals were referred to as agent one or agent two., Some weeks, he would undergo one test; other weeks, more, Josephs said. he says. Copyrights 2002-2022 YourLawyer.com. And it just goes on for years and years, and they just want to wear us down. According to a recent report by CNN.com "From 1955 to 1975, military researchers at Edgewood were using not only animals but human subjects to test a witches' brew of drugs and chemicals. However once the experiments were uncovered, the US Senate also concluded questionable legality of the experiments and strongly condemned them. My phone calls were always returned quickly and all of my questions were answered in a thorough manner. have hearing loss, Anticholinesterase nerve agents (ex., sarin and common organophosphorus (OP), and carbamate pesticides), Nerve agent antidotes atropine and scopolamine, Nerve agent reactivators (ex., the common OP antidote 2-PAM chloride), Psychoactive agents (ex., LSD, PCP, cannaboids, and BZ). At the end of the second hour, the officer ordered Cavell back to his barracks and to continue wearing his gas-saturated uniform. Tyler Perry wrote and will direct the story of an all-female, all-Black battalion that served in Europe. In this U.S. government photo, Wray Forrest is seen on the far right in 1973 while participating in the program at Maryland's Edgewood Chemical and Biological Center. The U.S. Army believed that legal liability could be avoided by concealing the experiments. The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs has a page about the testing on its website. In the 1990s, the law firm Morrison & Foerster agreed to take on a class-action lawsuit against the government related to the Edgewood volunteers. "There was no identifying information," he says. ", Flohr tells NPR his agency has followed federal statutes in its handling of claims for mustard gas exposure. Long-term psychological effects are possible from the trauma associated with being a human test subject. NPR Photo Editor Ariel Zambelich and reporters Christopher Groskopf, Jani Actman and Lydia Emmanouilidou also contributed to this story. The American Legion identified limits on attorneys fees related to Camp Lejeune Justice Act claims as one of its top goals. Harry Bollinger, 88, of Freeport, Pa., pauses as he talks about his recovery from mustard gas exposure as part of an experiment at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C. They also compared the relative sensitivity of soldiers, including tests designed to look for racial difference. Greene called for a search for novel psychoactive compounds that would create the same debilitating mental side effects as those produced by nerve gases, but without their lethal effect. CampBell's lawsuit seeks to remove Sherry Abraham from office . Copyright 2023 Military.com. According to a CNN report that aired in March 2012, from 1955 to 1975 more than 7,000 soldiers each spent two months at Edgewood Arsenal, where they were exposed to as many 250 different chemical and biological agents as part of secret medical experiments. Erspamer said the government has reached very few of the 7,000 or so Edgewood veterans, and the VA has turned down almost all Edgewood-related health claims. 31 subjects experienced ocular exposure via direct CS application to their eyes. [10], According to a DOD FAQ, the Edgewood Arsenal experiments involved the following "rough breakout of volunteer hours against various experimental categories":[11]. About 7,000 soldiers took part in these experiments that involved exposures to more than 250 different chemicals, according to the Department of Defense (DoD). The website has details about applying for medical care through this program. Find out if you qualify for VA health care. APG-EA continued to hurt soldiers ways after the human experiments and should be considered also. The National Academies of Science reviewed this report in 2018 ("Review and Approach to Evaluating Long-term Health Effects in Army Test Subjects") and suggested a framework for evaluating these exposures moving forward. Please be sure to specify the particular web page or function at issue, and provide us with any other information you may think will help us locate the area. Instead, they sought only declaratory and injunctive relief and redress for what they claimed was several decades of neglect and the U.S. government's use of them as human guinea pigs in chemical and biological agent testing experiments. Elimination of the chemicals held here was put on an accelerated schedule after the September 11, 2001, attacks, and all chemical weapons were destroyed by February 2006. The chemical agents tested on volunteers included chemical warfare agents and other related agents:[1]. Relics from Nat Schnurman's activism still decorate the family home where his wife, Joy (pictured, far right), lives. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) published a three-volume report on the Edgewood research in 19821985, Possible Long-Term Health Effects of Short-Term Exposure to Chemical Agents.[16]. "It just did not look like a military base, more. The 1945 Edgewood Arsenal explosion killed twelve munitions workers and injured more than fifty on May 25, 1945. 877-222-8387, TDD (Hearing Impaired) By the early 1950s, Edgewood Arsenal, which became part of the larger complex at the Aberdeen Proving Ground, produced numerous biological agents, developed protective equipment and prophylactic treatments, and shaped US combat policy and practice.In the aftermath of WWII tensions between the US and the USSR prompted scientists, military officials, and policy advisors to increase the number of . Several veterans claimed they were exposed to dangerous chemicals during government-sponsored Cold War experiments without their knowledge, and they filed suit in 2009 against the Army, Veterans Affairs, the CIA and the Department of Defense. ", Goss says he thinks the VA never delivered on its promises because this issue has been disappearing on its own for years. According to a deposition given by a former soldier involved in the program who is now deceased, it was not until men arrived at Edgewood Arsenal that they were informed that drugs would also be used in the experiments. The lawsuit sought for the veterans to be notified about what substances they had received and be provided medical coverage. He filed a federal lawsuit for compensation in 1979, but was unsuccessful because of a legal doctrine that protects the military from being sued for service-related injuries. In the midst of the Cold War, the military was concerned chemical agents could be used against U.S. soldiers. A small portion of these studies were directed at psychochemical warfare and grouped under the prosaic title of the "Medical Research Volunteer Program" (19561975). Parker Waichman LLP is offering free lawsuit evaluations to any former soldier who was subjected to medical experimentation at Edgewood Arsenal between 1955 through 1975. "They want to use young men as guinea pigs and throw them away," said Josephs, now 63. Many official government reports and civilian lawsuits followed in the wake of the controversy. Edgewood/Aberdeen Experiments From 1955 to 1975, the U.S. Army Chemical Corps conducted classified medical studies at Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland. The process typically relies on evidence, but most of the men in these experiments have none because the tests were done in secret. Even a book critical of the program, written by Lynn C. Klotz and Edward J. Sylvester, acknowledges that: Unlike the CIA program, research subjects [at Edgewood] all signed informed consent forms, both a general one and another related to any experiment they were to participate in. A lawsuit brought by a veterans' advocacy group, Vietnam Veterans of America, resulted in the requirement that the Army give medical care to eligible veterans who took part in testing that. Served as a volunteer for medical research in a U.S. Army chemical or biological substance testing program from 1942 to 1975. Documents reveal after getting BZ, Paul was put in temperatures of 105 degrees then 125 degrees for up to seven hours, to see if the drug impacted the way soldiers sweated. hide caption, When the story broke, VA Deputy Secretary Anthony Principi appeared on 60 Minutes, in 1991, to explain how the agency would respond to men who were injured in the tests: "They should be praised for what they did," Principi said on the CBS News program. Dr. James Ketchum led the experiments, and we've got a clip in which he defends his methods. When those experiments were formally declassified in the 1990s, the Department of Veterans Affairs made two promises: to locate about 4,000 men who were used in the most extreme tests, and to compensate those who had permanent injuries. Bollinger still has chronic breathing problems and breaks out in eczema in places where he was burned as a young Navy recruit: "Around my privates and under my arms and face and everywhere else," he says. Then, in 1996, Bollinger received a military commendation in the mail. hide caption. Three test subjects enter a gas chamber, which will fill with mustard gas, as part of the military's secret chemical warfare testing in March 1945. Two autobiographical books from psychiatrists conducting human experiments at Edgewood have been self-published: Journalist Linda Hunt, citing records from the. At 79 years old, he actively harvests honey from his bee farm. CNN Chief Medical Correspondent Dr. Sanjay Gupta. These experiments were conducted primarily to learn how various agents would affect humans (NRC 1982). The military also tested tear gas, barbiturates, tranquilizers, narcotics and hallucinogens like LSD. Edgewood dropped that lawsuit in February of 2020 in an attempt to come to an agreement with the City over the field. My mom eventually transferred to Edgewood Arsenal shortly later. So, when I received the shot, we went into a heat room," Paul said. Attorney James Hancock works with the California law firm Morrison & Foerster, which filed a class action lawsuit back in 2008 against the CIA and Department of Defense. Lieberman, while acknowledging that "most of the military data" on the research ongoing at the Army Chemical Center was "secret and unpublished", asserted that "There are moral imponderables, such as whether insanity, temporary or permanent, is a more 'humane' military threat than the usual afflictions of war. A previous version of this story misidentified Nat Schnurman's wife. In his mid-50s, Josephs was diagnosed with Parkinsons disease, a progressive neurological condition that forced him to retire early. There's a reason we have such incredible details about the program available now, and this film makes excellent use of the truths revealed during a massive lawsuit. If, at any time, you have difficulty using this website, please contact us. 27), then 19, volunteered for the military's secret chemical testing program in exchange for two weeks' vacation. A deliberate destruction of evidence and files documenting their illegal actions, actions which were punctuated by fraud, deception, and a callous disregard for the value of human life. The whole thing stinks, and if the American people knew about it, they would not tolerate it. The personal injury attorneys at Parker Waichman LLP offer free, no-obligation case evaluations. The Edgewood Arsenal continued to produce chemical agents and countermeasures in case they became necessary. Gordon Erspamer, lead attorney in suit against VA. During experiments that began on February 19, 1968, Josephs experienced Parkinsons-like tremors after receiving Prolixin, an antipsychotic medication, Erspamer said, prompting the Edgewood medical staff to give the young soldier Congentin and Artane, two drugs used to treat Parkinsons symptoms. Some of the volunteers exhibited symptoms at the time of exposure to these agents but long-term follow-up was not planned as part of the DoD studies. According to the agency, if a veteran has an illness on the list and can prove he was exposed, he receives benefits. Two TV documentaries, with different content but confusingly similar titles were broadcast: In 2012, the Edgewood/Aberdeen experiments were featured on CNN and in, This page was last edited on 30 November 2022, at 16:44. From 1948 to 1975, the U.S. Army Chemical Corps conducted classified human subject research at the Edgewood Arsenal facility in Maryland. Case No. In 1968, Tim Josephs was told he would be testing gas masks, boots and other clothing, he said. Rochelle, 60, who has come back to live in Onslow county, said in an interview that there were about two dozen volunteers . Although, we tried.". "I remember him laying up in the bedroom up there," she says. The Army colonel had no regrets about the experiments and believed he was acting in the best interests of the nation as it faced a Cold War threat. What's the use?" 2, "Cholinesterase Reactivators, Psychochemicals and Irritants and Vesicants, Vol. Youre going to Vietnam either way before or after, Josephs said recently. "I don't think there's an explanation for why this program wasn't more successful," Goss says. Josephs left the service when his three-year tour ended, and he began a career as a real estate agent. Office of Accountability & Whistleblower Protection, Training - Exposure - Experience (TEE) Tournament, Military Exposure Related Health Concerns, War Related Illness & Injury Study Center, Clinical Trainees (Academic Affiliations), Learn more from the Department of Defense, Review and Approach to Evaluating Long-term Health Effects in Army Test Subjects, Find out if you qualify for VA health care, Call TTY if you Josephs enlisted in the military fresh out of high school at the height of the Vietnam War. 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The Edgewood Arsenal human experiments took place from approximately 1948 to 1975 at the Medical Research Laboratorieswhich is now known as the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense (USAMRICD)at the Edgewood Area, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. hide caption. If a page cannot be made accessible, we will work to make a text version available. 3, "Final Report: Current Health Status of Test Subjects", Health Outcomes Among Veterans of Project SHAD (Shipboard Hazard and Defense) (2016), "United States v. Stanley, 483 US 669 - Supreme Court 1987", "Vietnam Veterans of America v. Central Intelligence Agency", "THE HUMAN ASSESSMENT OF EA 1729 AND EA 3528 BY THE INHALATION ROUTE", "Assessment of Potential Long Term Health Effects on Army Human Test Subjects of Relevant Biological and Chemical Agents, Drugs, Medications and Substances", "King's Collections: Archive Catalogues: Military Archives", "Operation Delirium: Decades after a risky Cold War experiment, a scientist lives with secrets". "It's sobering to hear the words and discussion that was happening about setting this program up," Hancock said. Edgewood Chemical Activity is a chemical-weapons depot located at APG. Veterans who have a disease or injury they believe is related to the testing may seek treatment from the Army, according to the Armys Office of the Surgeon General. Discovery Company. That won't be too long now probably.". "If I were back in Congress, I'd be asking that question.". Josephs said he didnt know what drugs he was getting. Even when he talks about Edgewood, he said, I get a tightness in my chest.. VA offers a variety of health care benefits to eligible Veterans. In 2015, the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals said the Army, and not Veterans Affairs, should provide veterans with medical care related to the testing. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. Left: U.S. Army Chemical and Biological Defense Agency; Right: Naval Research Laboratory The purpose was to evaluate the impact of low-dose chemical warfare agents on military personnel and to test protective clothing and pharmaceuticals. Oakland, CA: A Veterans disability class action lawsuit has been filed on behalf of several Veterans Affairs associations including Vietnam Veterans of America as well as individual Vietnam. Daughter can't have kids due to this place; not to mention the other members of the family ailments. 1,073 subjects were exposed to aerosolized CS; 82 subjects had both skin applications and aerosol exposures; and finally. On the other side is an in-depth and wide-ranging interview with Ketchum filmed shortly before his death in 2019. A failure to secure informed consent and other widespread failures to follow the precepts of U.S. and international law regarding the use of human subjects, including the 1953 Wilson Directive and the Nuremberg Code. 1, 24), stated: [In 1993 and 1994] we [] reported that the Army Chemical Corps conducted a classified medical research program for developing incapacitating agents. Further, GAO concluded that precise information on the scope and the magnitude of tests involving human subjects was not available, and the exact number of human subjects might never be known. Was in at the U.S and injured more than a dozen locations should considered... 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