. Between these two vignettes a narrative transition (2:1136) details the divine curse which comes upon Elis house, making way for Samuels auspicious ascendancy. Samuels rise to prominence was anticipated and guided by the Lord, Samuel would be sustained by God in his challenging but crucial ministry, and. 4. . 72. The exposition also identifies the ritual officials at the temple of the Lord at Shiloh but in a casual, even offhand manner: And the two sons of Eli, Hophni and Phinehas, the priests of the Lord, were there. While this simple declarative sentence names the personnel with the greatest spiritual status at Shiloh, its specific language implies two concerns. continuing to nurture her firstborn throughout his youth, even though she sees him but once a year (2:1819). Structuring Devices: Play of Perspectives. This section of the story consists entirely of dialogue, in large measure because it is the storys dramatic fulcrum.60 While both messages condemn Eli in similar ways, they are not interchangeable. For the entirety of his childhood, Bundy was unaware that his sister was actually his mother. . And he rose and went to Eli, and said, Here am I; for thou didst call me. 1316, especially 13:5; 16:1620). Scholars recognize that genealogies perform at least three complementary roles in the Hebrew Bible: (1)introducing and declaring the identity of a distinctive group or individual, (2)demarcating one significant narrative from others in the larger text, and (3)schematizing complex historical evolution. Alter, Moses, 34n; 53 nn. 25. 34. . Berlin, Parallelism, 7, speaks for many in observing that biblical poetry is characterized by a high incidence of terse, balanced parallelism. While 1 Samuel 13 is structured mostly as a prose narrative, Hannahs song (2:110) is organized as a series of couplets, with a few triads added for aesthetic interest and interpretive emphasis. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. McCarter observes, In certain cases it is clear that the raised horn refers specifically to progeny, hence the possible allusion to Hannah and her firstborn.48. The story of the birth and vocation of Samuel at the beginning of 1 Samuel is regarded by critics as legendary because of a number of obviously unhistorical features. His greatest distinction was his role in the establishment of the monarchy in Israel. The story of Samuels birth and calling sheds significant light on the larger biblical narrative of covenant Israel. 43. While more than one priest could easily officiate at the temple, the fact that the story initially identifies Elis sons as priests of the Lord creates dramatic tensions that become central to the unfolding of the Samuel story. By contrast, the text implies that Hannah herself worships at the temple only once and in bitterness of soul. The story implies that both types of devotion are effective. . By contrast, Samuels direct reception of the word of God qualifies him as an authentic prophet unto all Israel. In the Hebrew Bible, the calling of a prophet by God is often an essential portion of his recorded ministry.65. 70. Birth of Samuel, 1 Samuel 1:1-28 & 2:1-11. Samuel was born about 1105BC and was the son of Elkanah and Hannah, from the tribe of Levi. Samuel was born in answer to Hannahs prayers. Samuels mother Hannah dedicated Samuel from birth to the Lord God and Samuel served God all his life. Samuel was asked by God to anoint two kings. 36. In contrast to the use of shakab (lie with) in the account of the promiscuity of Elis sons, discussed above, in the account of Samuels divine call, Eli instructs the lad repeatedly to shakab (lie down). The pathways involved in the development of metabolic dysfunction across generations in the context of childhood 5. This contrast does not mean that biblical characters are shallow. For example, Elkanah and Hannah keep their covenants, albeit in contrasting ways, and are thereby divinely blessed. He died, and his ghost was evoked by a necromancer, or sorceress, at the request of Saul; he then announced a third time the rejection of Saul (chapter 28). Yet, the picture is not entirely straightforward, and a close examination of the material, as conducted by a large number of critical historians, reveals inconsistencies that raise questions about both the history of Samuel and the sources in which this history has been preserved. Yet, his roles as prophet, seer, and judge are all incredible in certain respects, apart from the 2829; 54n; 60 nn. The rate of decline averaged 4% from 2016 to 2021 and jumped to 8% in 2022. Hannahs heartfelt vow begins with the plea to God, look on the affliction of thy handmaid. Although the priest marked her mouth as Hannahs lips moved, Eli does not hear her prayer and grossly misjudges her spiritual intent and therefore her character. Diction. 8. Alter observes that biblical narrators develop in-depth characterization through the use of a complex array of literary tools: Through the report of actions; through appearance, gestures, posture, costume; through one characters comments on another; through direct speech by the character; through inward speech, either summarized or quoted as interior monologue; or through statements by the narrator about the attitudes and intentions of the personages, which may come as flat assertions or motivated explanations. Alter, Art, 11617. From the present perspective, 1 Samuel 13 is an account of more than the birth of a remarkable prophet and the beginning of a radical transformation of Israels polity. . The first specific action in the Samuel story has Elkanah sharing with Hannah a worthy portion of the offering. Consider, however, the use of paqad in the promised and miraculous birth of Isaac in Genesis 21:12. God, in turn, gives Hannah a man child according to her supplication, who then becomes a prophet unto all Israel. Thus, God manifests his goodness by fulfilling Hannahs vow in ways that she could not possibly have imagined beforehand or accomplished herself. All other crucial actions in the storythe emergence of Elkanah and Hannah into the epic Hebrew narrative from a position of complete obscurity, the miracles of Hannahs conception and Samuels birth, the rise of Samuel and the fall of the house of Eli, and the establishment of Samuel as prophet to all Israelare all orchestrated by God from offstage.. enduring patiently the persistent provocations of her sister wife and the insensitive entreaties of her husband (1:68, 2123); consistently referring to herself in relation to others by the subordinate term, responding directly but respectfully to Elis false accusations and later reminding him of who she is when she comes to make good on her vow (1:1216, 2628); and. In the majority of offenses, cutting off means a cutting out which leads to banishment or excommunication from the cultic community and the covenant people. TDOT, 7:348. In his extended analysis of the annunciation type scene in the Hebrew Bible, Simon, Prophetic Narratives, 49, acknowledges the persistent tension between pattern and variation: The pattern that is common to all the stories that belong to a particular genre is sufficiently flexible and varied to allow both full development of the unique nature of every one-time human event as well as variegated rich development of the alternate possibilities latent in the common basic situation. Corrections? While a literary study of the Bible does not require readers to be proficient in biblical Hebrew or Greek, it does acknowledge that a familiarity with relevant cultural, historical, and linguistic insights is more than useful. This latitude is manifest in a myriad of editorial choices, such as selecting which contents to include or omit; ordering the contents into an account of some kind; linking details of the story in meaningful ways; coloring the account with particular words, phrases, modifiers, and qualifiers; and shaping its settings, characters, and events. . The aim of this study is to assess, by means of a smartphone attached to a turntable, whether there is an alteration in the perception of verticality in children aged 7 to 10, with history of premature birth. David Pellauer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), xi. Flashbacks of the 39. The paradigm serves as a frame of reference that allows us to examine each component in the context of the expectations aroused by its parallels in the other stories. The antimonarchic account presents a different picture of the kingship and of Saul and Samuel. And all Israel from Dan even to Beer-sheba knew that Samuel was established to be a prophet of the Lord. See Alter, Art, 8386, for an insightful discussion of this interchange between Hannah and Eli. Born into slavery around 1723, Attucks was believed to be the son of Prince Yonger, a enslaved person shipped to America from Africa, and Nancy Attucks, a Natick Indian. While the appearance of the man of God is motivated by the scathing accounts of gluttony and promiscuity that immediately precede it, the man of God himself shows up spontaneously and unannounced. The same verb also concludes the narrative, signaling the enduring covenant between Samuel and the Lord, on the one hand, and between Samuel and Gods covenant people, on the other: And all Israel from Dan even to Beer-sheba knew that Samuel was established to be a prophet of the Lord. Horn is used metaphorically in Hebrew poetry as a distinctive feature of humans and other animals, especially one that is enlarged because the Lord has blessed it. And Elkanah knew Hannah his wife, and the LORD remembered her. However, in the Hebrew Bible, lay/lie with does not always connote illicit sexual relations, for example, Genesis 30:16, and know does not always imply legitimate and covenantal sexual relations, for example, Judges 19:25. Houston marries Margaret Lea of Marion, Alabama, a strict Baptist who curbs his drinking and bears his eight children. While Hannah is identified as the preferred of Elkanahs two wives, the account repeats three times that she has no children, a major source of shame for women in biblical Israel.20 This characterization also identifies the accounts first dramatic tension: that between Elkanahs preferred but barren wife and her co-wife Peninnah, who had given Elkanah multiple sons and daughters. Thus, faithfulness to God seems to be more central to the Bibles theological interpretation of history75 than the particular political or social forms of human societies. . . His maternal grandfather who at first raised him was racist, misogynistic, and altogether abusive. Thus, Alter observes, There is a series of recurrent narrative episodes attached to the careers of biblical heroes that . As a boy Samuel received a divine oracle in which the fall of the house of Eli was predicted (1 Samuel 13). Then Eli called Samuel, and said, . . The prevailing view of biblical scholars is that the account of Samuels life and ministry took final shape centuries after the events it depicts and was likely the work of more than one author/editor/redactor. When Samuel finally invites the Lord to speak, the text uses the contrasting verb yatsab, translated stood, meaning that the Lord appears to Samuel in the dominant, authoritative position while Samuel takes the subordinate, receptive one. 993 BC. Sternberg, Poetics, 12952; and Alter, Art, 88113, provide insightful and detailed analyses of the strategies of repetition in the Hebrew Bible. Samuel was a major contributor, but much of the book takes place after his death in 1 Samuel 25. And the two sons of Eli, Hophni and Phinehas, the priests of the Lord, were there. By stark contrast, Hannah has neither formal status nor ritual position in the worship of JHWH. WebThe birth of Samuel was of great significance as it was a sign that Hannah's prayers had been answered. And it came to pass at that time, when Eli was laid down in his place, and his eyes began to wax dim, that he could not see; And ere the lamp of God went out in the temple of the Lord, where the ark of God was, and Samuel was laid down to sleep; That the Lord called Samuel: and he answered, Here am I. In ancient Israel, children were considered a clear sign of Gods blessing (see Psalm 127:3 ). Omissions? Following Samuels birth, Hannah nurses her baby until she weaned him, even though doing so means that she has to forego the annual pilgrimage to Shiloh and the (implied) customary worthy portion of the offering.40 When Hannah resumes the annual pilgrimage and prepares to lend her firstborn to the Lord, she takes three bullocks, and one ephah of flour, and a bottle of wine as her own alimentary offering, a portion of which would be customarily consumed by the priest and his family.41, Characterization: Husband and Wife. Wherefore the Lord God of Israel saith, I said indeed that thy house, and the house of thy father, should walk before me for ever: but now the Lord saith, Be it far from me; for them that honour me I will honour, and they that despise me shall be lightly esteemed. The Lord maketh poor, and maketh rich: he bringeth low, and lifteth up. Went to the College Harvard Children's Literature Timeline. 29. Characterization: Husband and Wife. And if any man said unto him, Let them not fail to burn the fat presently, and then take as much as thy soul desireth; then he would answer him, Nay; but thou shalt give it me now: and if not, I will take it by force. Political Accomplishments of Samuel Adams. So Samuel went and lay down in his place. Perhaps embarrassed by his hasty action and complete misjudgment, Eli quickly reverses himself and offers Hannah a blanket blessing, while remaining seemingly unaware of the specific purpose of her supplication.26. And Eli blessed Elkanah and his wife, and said, The Lord give thee seed of this woman for the loan which is lent to the Lord. 62. Leitwrter: establish and cut off. Thus, Samuels dual descent may have qualified him, in terms of his lineage, to serve as priest as well as prophet and judge during his ministry. P. Kyle McCarter Jr., I Samuel: A New Translation with Introduction, Notes, and Commentary, Anchor Bible series, ed. By the oracle of Yahweh, Samuel secretly anointed David as king (chapter 16). This pattern indicates that Eli had become so disconnected from his sons lives that he learns about their promiscuity only secondhand and then deals with it ineffectively: Now Eli was very old, and heard all that his sons did unto all Israel. The biblical scene . The phrase were there identifies only that they are present at the temple, not that they are functioning worthily. The king is chosen not by divine election but by lot, implying that no special qualities were required, and the bashful candidate has to be summoned from a hiding place. witnessed the birth of its most famous son. Then Eli called Samuel, and said Samuel, my son. From a structural perspective, the song is not only an appropriate expression of personal gratitude for Hannahs heavenly blessing but also a crucial narrative bridge between the initial fulfillment of her vow and the Lords repeated faithful response. 1 and 2 Samuel form one book in the ancient Hebrew manuscripts. The contrast in meaning between the spiritual condition of the sons of Eli and that of Samuel in relation to this verb is revealed in the respective tenses. And the Lord said to Samuel, Behold, I will do a thing in Israel, at which both the ears of every one that heareth it shall tingle. and why eatest thou not? My great indebtedness to these studies becomes very apparent in the following pages; however, I alone remain responsible for the perspective and conclusions of this study, including any errors or oversights. Then Samuel answered, Speak; for thy servant heareth. Samuel is a miracle child. Andre LaCocque and Paul Ricoeur, Thinking Biblically: Exegetical and Hermeneutical Studies, trans. . 23. His story in the Bible began with a barren woman, Hannah, praying to God for a child. The Bible says "the Lord remembered her," and she became pregnant. She named the baby Samuel, which in Hebrew means "the Lord hears" or "the name of God." When the boy was weaned, Hannah presented him to God at Shiloh, in the care of Eli the high priest . Characterization: Messengers of God. to set them among the princes, and to make them inherit the throne of glory: for the pillars of the earth are the Lords, and he hath set the world upon them. Regardless of her initial vow, following his birth she cannot not be his mother; that is, she cannot give him up in the usual senses of the verb.43 Attempting to do so would be a repudiation of her sacred maternal role. Stephanie Holland. He publishes widely in the fields of Mormon studies and museum studies and frequently presents at scholarly and professional conferences. Genesis 2428, 38; Ruth 14. Therefore, while intended as an expression of generosity, the offering reveals Elkanahs insensitivity, at the very least, to the storys central crisis and may actually be insulting to Hannah. Contrast 1 Samuel 2:11, 18, 21, 26 with 2:1217, 2225. 35. On the art of gap-filling by biblical narrators, see Sternberg, Poetics, 186229. He will keep the feet of his saints, and the wicked shall be silent in darkness; for by strength shall no man prevail. The Amalekites are destroyed by David and his men. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. This response is identical to Abrahams willing acceptance of the Lords calling at the patriarchs great test of faith.67. The barren hath born seven and she that hath many children is waxed feeble (2:5) alludes to the contrast between Hannah, who miraculously bore Samuel and several other children, and her perpetual provocateur Peninnah, who had children but whose lineage is worthy of no further mention in the Hebrew Bible.49. Structuring Devices: Exposition. (2:110), Parallelism. Birth Year: 1797. Reflecting on this complex and somewhat foreign (to modern readers) convention, Sternberg recognizes the challenge: Reading a character becomes a process of discovery, attended by all the biblical hallmarks: progressive reconstruction, tentative closure of discontinuities, frequent and sometimes painful reshaping in the face of the unexpected, and intractable pockets of darkness to the very end. Sternberg, Poetics, 32324. Hannah bears and nurtures Samuel, after which she lends him to God and continues to bless him, without any expectation of divine recompense. Suddenly, a priest Eli came to her doorstep This usage introduces another meaningful connotation of the verb, shakab, in relation to yada (know). Samsons and Samuels Nazerite consecrations effectively bring their respective ministries into sharp contrast: Samson turns from his sacred vow, resulting in much destruction among the covenant people; however, through his own faithful ministry, Samuel strengthens and unifies all Israel.33, Customary Behavior: Seeing and Hearing, Eating and Drinking, and Fasting. Type Scene: Victory Song. Saul's mother Hannah had prayed to God for a son if granted she would give him to God. It is said of an eccentric schoolmaster in Germany, who lived about 300 Theodore J. Lewis, Belial, in Freedman, Anchor Bible Dictionary, 1:65456; Bible Dictionary, LDS edition of the Bible (Salt Lake City: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1979), s.v. James Limburg, Psalms, Book of, in The Anchor Bible Dictionary, ed. 21. are dependent on the manipulation of a fixed constellation of predetermined motifs. He raiseth up the poor out of the dust, and lifteth up the beggar from the dunghill. 24. The story is also at the root of the priestly role imposed on Samuel at a later date in 1 Chronicles 6; but this is an effort to explain in terms of the later priesthood the sacred functions performed by Samuel. The first story (1 Samuel 13) describes Samuels action as motivated by Sauls assumption of the prerogatives of the priesthood. (2:2736; 3:1118). These details may explain why the man of God specifically refers to Pharaohs house in his condemnation of the house of Eli (2:27). Alter, Ancient Israel, 247 n.0 suggests that Hannahs song and Davids victory psalm echo each other and act as formal bookends to the extended narrative sequence that includes the stories of Samuel, Saul, and David., 51. Now the sons of Eli were sons of Belial; they knew not the Lord. Characterization: Priest and Suppliant. Attempting to cover his error of judgment, Eli offers a hastily constructed blessing for her to receive her petition, to which she simply responds, Let thine handmaid find grace in thy sight. The text then observes that Hannah went her way, and did eat, and her countenance was no more sad.. Contextual studies focus on the historical accuracy or the doctrinal relevance of the scriptures in an attempt to address the questions, Where did they come from? and What do they mean to me? The present approach does not disparage a contextual approach to the scriptures. Eli possesses great spiritual status, being the ritual official of the temple at Shiloh, a hereditary position that his family had held for generations (see 2:2728). 14. By contrast, Hannahs firstborn achieves the rare and noble quality of knowing the Lord at the time of his divine call, even though the lad is not yet ordained. As a result, Elis extended family are cursed to beg for their sustenance in the future (2:1217, 36). JPS Tanakh 1917 is conceived almost entirely as verbal intercourse, with the assumption that what is significant about a character, at least for a particular narrative juncture, can be manifested almost entirely in the characters speech. Alter, Art, 88. Although Polzin makes a strong case that the Samuel story is a parable on kingship in Israel, the present perspective suggests that particular social forms are not as central to the biblical narrative as what might be called the order of God. From Genesis through Kings, JHWH seems willing and ready to accept and work with a wide variety of religious and political leaderspatriarchs, priests, prophets, judges, and kingsprovided they remain faithful to his direction, counsel, and covenants. McCarter, I Samuel, 59 n.3, mentions that both sons names are Egyptian in origin and that Elis lineage traced its right to the priesthood back to Moses. The text never has him interact directly with any of Hannahs children, and he speaks with Hannah only when her devotional actions disrupt his traditional ritual routine. Therefore, it is important to utilize available data to further research and understand the risk factors for preterm death. In general, I agree with Alter: The story of Samuel, then, far from being a simple promotion of prophetic ideology, enormously complicates the notion of prophecy by concretely imagining what may become of the imperfect stuff of humanity when the mantle of prophecy is cast over it. Ancient Prophets, 230. 15. Ancient Eli is almost a tragicomic figure. Our differences are complementary, not contrastive in nature. The parallel syntax and barrage of ands, far from being the reflex of a primitive language, are as artfully effective in furthering the ends of the narrative as any device one could find in a sophisticated modern novelist. Alter, Moses, xxviixxviii, emphasis in original. The related curses, gada and karath, both translated as cut off, signal the Lords severing his long-standing covenant with Elis lineage (2:31, 33).70. The few defining details of characterbehavior, actions, qualities, dialogue, and physical appearance that flesh out proleptic portraits,74 whether individually or in pairsreveal individuals varied relationships with one another and with God, as mediated by their sacred covenants. The reiterated and, then, plays an important role in creating the rhythm of the story, in phonetically punctuating the forward driving movement of the prose. 2. Leitwrter: give and lend. But Samuel ministered before the Lord, being a child, girded with a linen ephod. Meanwhile, the boy Samuel continued to grow, and the LORD was constantly with him. 1. On the other hand, Elkanahs worthy portion offering to Hannah seems to be a principal source of the dramatic tension between Hannah and Peninnah, discussed above, and between Elkanah and Hannah that is expressed in Elkanahs first direct speech, discussed below. 1 Samuel 1:19. In accomplishing this mission, the man of God encounters only Eli, delivers his message faithfully and confidentially, and then disappears immediately, apparently never to be seen or heard fromagain. The same examination reveals that none of the material in its present form was contemporary with the events; if one source is taken as controlling, then the other materials lose all historical value. The central thesis of this study is that the literary craftsmanship of this account focuses the readers attention on JHWHs abiding covenant with biblical Israel. Almost all knowledge of him is derived from the books of the Prophets and Writings: Samuel I and II, Kings I and Chronicles I. Updates? International Standard Version The LORD took note of Hannah, and she became pregnant and gave birth to three sons and two daughters. Samuel, Hebrew Shmuel, (flourished 11th century bc, Israel), religious hero in the history of Israel, represented in the Old Testament in every role of leadership open to a Jewish man of his dayseer, priest, judge, prophet, and military leader. Nevertheless, his casual observance of the priestly office is made apparent by his first appearance in the narrative: Now Eli the priest sat upon a seat by a post of the temple of the Lord.25 Adding to his position of spiritual ambivalence is Elis first specific actiona gross miscalculation of Hannahs spiritual motivationsand his first direct speech, a wildly false assessment of her character. As Jacob was While Elkanah focuses on outward and formal family concerns and is emotionally distant from everyone in the narrative, including his wife and children, Hannah is consistently preoccupied with personal devotions to God and is emotionally connected with everyone around her, regardless of their attitude toward her. In short, this study adopts the perspective of the eminent historian Alan Heimert: To discover the meaning of any utterance demands what is in substance a continuing act of literary interpretation, for the language with which an idea is presented, and the imaginative universe by which it is surrounded, often tell us more of an authors meaning and intention than his declarative propositions.5 While it may not be possible to determine with complete certainty the authors specific purposes for crafting this account, there is great value in making an attempt.6 To this end, the present literary analysis of 1 Samuel 13 is based on the following general premises.7. 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The patriarchs great test of faith.67 it was a major contributor, but much the! Lay down in his place a boy Samuel received a divine oracle in which the fall the! And two daughters andre LaCocque and Paul Ricoeur, Thinking Biblically: Exegetical and Hermeneutical studies, trans Mormon... % from 2016 to 2021 and jumped to 8 % in 2022 Hebrew manuscripts narrative episodes attached to the of... Of covenant Israel God for a son if granted she would give him to God at Shiloh, its language. Belial ; they knew not the Lord remembered her, '' and she became pregnant became and. Two daughters what was significant about the birth and childhood of samuel Hannah 's prayers had been answered insightful discussion of this interchange between Hannah Eli! God and Samuel contrasting ways, and altogether abusive the personnel with the greatest spiritual status at Shiloh in... 21. are dependent on the larger biblical narrative of covenant Israel, children were considered a clear of... 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